Riots occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, in May 1968. / 5 (users download) GET BOOK! Within an hour, Mayor Kenneth A. Schmied requested 700 Kentucky National Guard troops and established a citywide curfew. All Rights Reserved. 1190 BC) and soon afterwards to form . The question crossed the lips of political leaders, activists and those in the nations mainstream news media. On May 27, 1968, a rally took place at 28th and Greenwood to protest the arrest of Charles Thomas and Manfred G. Reid. Copyright 2018WAVE 3 News. By 8:30, the crowd began to disperse. Reid, a real estate broker, was nearby and questioned the arrest. Rioting in Louisville, KY (1968) In the 1960s, racial tension had been growing in Louisville. Perhaps it flowed from the ubiquity and easy access to firearms by hate-filled madmen, or from the breakdown of social mores as rebellious young Americans openly thumbed their noses at tradition and authority. Seeing his friend harassed, Reid confronted the police, who then beat and arrested both men. Mrs. Ruth B. Bryant was a mother and community leader in the West End Community. Some of the most notable riots occurred in Baltimore (Maryland), Chicago (Illinois), Louisville (Kentucky), New York City (New York), andWashington, D.C. For a take on the long-term impact, see Glowicki, "In Louisville's Parkland neighborhood, the scars of 1968 riots are still visible,"Courier Journal, 5/26/2018. African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky 1966 Buckpasser, ridden by Bill Shoemaker, wins the Flamingo Stakes by a nose. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. His death would be the final straw in what would lead to a plethora of riots across the United States. [iv] Bryants esteemed position in multiple groups and her co-operation with the white community show that although there was attempts to work peacefully for change, some of the citizens in the community felt that the co-operation attempts of community leaders were not effective enough. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4. These were the pervasive questions shaping American conversation in 1968. Scores of demonstrators have gathered in Louisville, despite a nighttime curfew and nearby police in riot gear, marking a second night of protests in the Breonna Taylor case. In 1968 and 1969, there was a war on in York. All Rights Reserved. Congress, however, rejected the rest of Johnsons proposals believing the president did not do enough to suppress the urban violence. Six units of the national guard, over 2,000 guardsmen, were ordered to Louisville. Women and Factory Work in Lexington During the Civil Rights Era, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), Black Churches in the Civil Rights Movement in Lexington, Kentucky, Oral History Interviews on Churches in the Civil Rights Movement, Request Author Role and Start a Research Journal, http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=605903, Perspectives of Teachers on Integration in Kentucky, Diigo Group: KY women and civil rights history. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4.On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. This book was released on 1968 with total page 230 pages. The two men were eventually arrested, but charges were ultimately dropped. 1968 - Trenton Riot of 1968, April 9-11, Trenton, New Jersey; 1968 - 1968; 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 27, Louisville, Kentucky; 1968 - Akron riot, July 17-23, Akron, Ohio; 1968 - Glenville Shootout, July 23-28, Cleveland, Ohio; 1968 - 1968 Miami riot, August 7-8, Miami . Five decades on, its equally clear that the legacy of peaceful protest on behalf of economic and social and civil rightsthe idea of peaceful electoral change through the ballot boxdidnt die in 1968. The police, including a captain who was hit in the face by a bottle, retreated, leaving behind a patrol car, which was turned over and burned. "But some other folks, African-American folks, helped him to divert into an alley. O Ottawa Fury FC tinha trs torcidas organizadas: Bytown Boys Supporters Club, Fury Ultras e Stony Monday Riot. All rights reserved. Depending who you asked, the culprit could be one or more of a laundry list of toxic forces. One of the police officers, Michael Clifford, was terminated for use of unnecessary force, but was reinstated due to political pressure by the Louisville Lodge Six of the Fraternal Order of Police. They are not racists or sick; they are not guilty of the crime that plagues the land. Blaming the nations leaders for Americas convulsive state, Nixon offered himself as the solution: leadership that would crack down on lawlessness and counteract years of what he characterized as Democratic failure. The skirmish escalated, growing into a full-fledged riot in the West End, lasting for almost a week. By 1968, each man was agitating to end the war in Vietnam and to curb racial and economic inequality by mobilizing a biracial coalition of working-class Americans. Louisville riots of 1968. Way Up North in Louisville African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930-1970 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), . Kings death was superimposed upon other racial issues already facing many cities and to many blacks seemed the rejection of his non-violent approach to racial reform. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly Black people, gathered at Twenty-Eight and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. Violence and vandalism continued to rage the next day, but had subdued somewhat by May 29. Business owners began to return, although troops remained until June 4. [iii] Luther Adams. The unrest in Chicago led to eleven deaths and over a hundred destroyed buildings. The riot began because of a traffic stop in the West End Community. On May 27, 1968, a rally took place at 28th and Greenwood to protest the arrest of Charles Thomas and Manfred G. Reid. The King Assassination Riots were a series of more than 100 cases of civil unrest that occurred in the wake of the death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He even announced the formation of a National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, which later concluded that the root cause of Americas sickness was a dearth of employment and educational opportunities in Americas inner cities. The Commission ultimately recommended that the United States overhaul its criminal justice system, adopt a national firearms policy to restrict access to handguns, provide more opportunities for youth to work in public service, and improve the conditions of family and community life for all who live in our cities, and especially for the poor who are concentrated in ghetto slums.. 13-16. These included Cleveland, Baltimore , Washington, D.C. , Chicago, New York City and Louisville, Kentucky. The intersection, and Parkland in . Most white residents also left the West End, which had been almost entirely white north of Broadway, from subdivision until the 1960s. * 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 27, Louisville, Kentucky * 1968 - Glenville Shootout, July 23-28, Cleveland, Ohio * 1968 - Liberty City riot, Aug. 7-13, Miami, Florida * 1968 - 1968 Democratic National Convention protests riot, Aug. 1968, Chicago, Illinois Reid still clings to the moment. The pattern didnt end with RFKs assassination. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. America was certainly no stranger to political violence, but 1968 appeared to bring the bloodletting to new heights. Who Were the Community Leaders and Groups Involved? For a take on the long-term impact, see Glowicki, "In . 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky, USA) 1968 - Glenville Shootout, Cleveland, OH; 1968 - 1968 Democratic National Convention riot, Aug. 1968, (Chicago, Illinois, USA) 1968 - Rodney Riots, (Kingston, Jamaica) 1969 - Sir George Williams Computer Riot, (Montreal, Canada) BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced, by the threat of racial violence, out of Parkland and surrounding areas. . The riot that took place in Louisville lasted several days and eventually the National Guard became involved in an attempt to re-establish peace. The scene in Chicago was characterized by looting, arson, and violence. Violent protest clashes. Violence and vandalism continued to rage the next day, but had subdued somewhat by May 29. Business owners began to return, although troops remained until June 4. Maybe it was the daily dose of Vietnam war violence being broadcast into Americans living rooms, or the televised images of inner cities in flames. Not all of these demonstrations remained peaceful and in some of instances turned violent. However the small and unprepared police response simply upset the crowd more, which continued to grow. However, rumors (which turned out to be untrue) were spread that Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee speaker Stokely Carmichael's plane to Louisville was being intentionally delayed by whites. [2], Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Although damage, looting, and violence did occur in New York City; it was largely avoided in part to the actions of the citys mayor, John Lindsay. The intersection, and Parkland in general, had recently become an important location for Louisville's black community, as the local NAACP branch had moved its office there. On April 4, 1968 in Memphis Tennessee the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King brought much grief, pain & anger across America. But 1968 appeared to reinvigorate this legacy of politically motivated violence and cap a decade of politically tinged bloodletting. Learn how your comment data is processed. There was 200,000 dollars of damage done to the city. Whether one considers assassination, group violence or individual acts of violence, the decade of the 1960s was considerably more violent than the several decades preceding it and ranks among the most violent in our history. And the violence of 1968 in particular clashed with Americans notions of what it meant to be a 20th-century superpowerespecially one touting the ideological supremacy of democratic rights and freedoms amid the anxieties of the Cold War. The traffic stop occurred because the police suspected Charles Thomas, who was an elementary school teacher, of being involved in a robbery. 1 / 8. LOUISVILLE, Ky. Two police officers were shot Wednesday night during downtown protests that erupted after a grand jury's decision not to charge the officers . The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. The intersection, and Parkland in general, had . Race Riot: Louisville KY 1968. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry), https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1217, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, In Louisville's Parkland neighborhood, the scars of 1968 riots are still visible, Rioting, Insurrections, Panics, Protests in Kentucky, Realtors, Real Estate Brokers, Real Estate Investments, The Louisville times (newspaper) 1885-1987, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. However, rumors (which turned out to be untrue) were spread that Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee speaker Stokely Carmichael's plane to Louisville was being intentionally delayed by whites. Some African-American leaders and activists, including the Black Panthers, soured on Kings nonviolent approach, instead advocating violent confrontations with an oppressive white establishment. After bottles were thrown by the crowd, the crowd became unruly and police were called. All information about cookies and data security can be found in our imp 532 - Nika riots . In the 1960s, racial tension had been growing in Louisville. Burning Buildings on Chicagos West Side, April 5, 1968. A scuffle occurred between Clifford and Reid. By 8:30, the crowd began to disperse. Different degrees of unrest were seen depending on the city in which it took place. Download The Anatomy of a Riot book PDF by James H. Lincoln and published by . Your email address will not be published. By decades end, the groups radical splinter faction, the Weather Underground, turned to bomb-making and more violent means of revolution. In the 50 years since the riots of 1968, much has changed in Louisville's West End. But it was more than just the two political assassinations of towering liberal and civil-rights leaders. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination. By Larry Spitzer / Courier-Journal May 27-28, 1968, Police fire tear gas at rioters during the height of racial tensions in Louisville. On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. By midnight, rioters had looted stores as far east as Fourth Street, overturned cars and started fires. This website uses cookies. The activist movement Students for a Democratic Societywhich in its definitive 1962 political manifesto, the Port Huron Statement, declared that people are fearfulthat at any moment things might be thrust out of controlsaw their prophecy fulfilled. housing demonstrations, the May, 1968 riot, and the trial of the 'Black Six'. The purple portion is Cincinnati proper, the light green portion is Ohio, and the light yellow portion is Kentucky. So serious was the revolt that in late May the French president, Charles de Gaulle, met . In the aftermath of Kings assassination, the country appeared powerless as the largest wave of urban riots in history engulfed more than 120 cities. Several community leaders arrived and told the crowd that no decision had been reached, and alluded to disturbances in the future if the officer was reinstated. And while Johnson was among those who maintained that the countrys democracy was fundamentally healthy, most other American leaders and activists disagreed. Many businesses have long left the area near 28th and Greenwood. In Washington D.C., the riots began on the same day Dr. King was assassinated. joined the city police force in 1968, he was . "I was arrested -let's put it that way - and that disturbed the community because of my status," he said. Complete A-Z List or Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. Such a late date would enable the toponym of the "Way of the Land of Philistines" in the Exodus tale (Exod. York Daily Record. 7,000 - 15,000 citizens were involved in a riot near the city's hippodrome. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at Twenty-Eight and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. New York Times (1923-Current file); May 31, 1968; ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 2007), Your email address will not be published. Simon Wallace is proud of his barbershop, where he knows the customers by name. During much of May 1968, Paris was engulfed in the worst rioting since the Popular Front era of the 1930s, and the rest of France was at a standstill. The Detroit riots of 1968 may be considered a continuation of the riot of 1967. Looting and shooting occurred, buildings were burned, two teens were killed, and 472 people were arrested. There were several speakers, and a rumor circulated that Stokely Carmichael would be speaking. Yes, the violent, bloody shadow of 1968 still casts itself over the United States 50 years later. The grim tally deepened the despair and sense of dread: 39 dead, more than 2,600 injured and countless African-American communities ravaged, left with millions of dollars in damages and losses. It's Really Happening:' The Louisville Race Riot of 1968," Kentucky History Journal, vol. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination. King himself questioned the efficacy of his nonviolent movement at times. The riot would have effects that shaped the image which whites would hold of Louisville's West End, that it was predominantly black. A dry cleaning business was looted during a night of rioting in Park Hill on May 27-28, 1968. Manfred Reid, a real estate broker, was nearby and questioned the arrest. The crowd was protesting against the possible reinstatement of a white officer who had been suspended for beating a black man some weeks earlier. See how their numbers swelled into the thousands and inspired student protests all over the country. This race riot broke out in the west end of Louisville where many blacks lived. Six units of the national guard, over 2,000 guardsmen, were ordered to Louisville. "You know, as a child when I was growing up, that was the epicenter of where I lived," he said. One riot in particular had taken place in Louisville, KY. Martin Luther Kings assassination, followed quickly by Bobby Kennedys, dashed much hope that social progress and economic justice could be achieved through nonviolent means. . Three thousand Illinois National Guard troops were ordered into the city to help police and Cook County Sheriffs Deputies keep the peace. Get the most extensive unreleased Live Concert Music DVDs, CDs, MP3s of all your favorite artists at RockinConcerts - page 121 When Kennedy was murdered by a 24-year-old Palestinian on June 5, President Johnson mourned how a climate of extremism, of disrespect for law, of contempt for the rights of others had led to an outbreak of uncontrollable violence. Protests turned into riots in Louisville Friday as people once again called for justice in the Breonna Taylor case. The protests were largely peaceful but a large group of . TV cameras beamed into Americans living rooms images of antiwar protesters and Yippies as they marched to decry U.S. involvement in Indochina and voice grievances against an amorphous establishment. Law-enforcement officers kicked and beat the mostly nonviolent youth, unleashing what the government later described as a police riot. Inside the convention hall, Chicago Mayor Richard Daley, who had orchestrated the police crackdown, shouted down his critics with an expletive-laced tirade. In both riots, stores were ransacked and burned to the . We are becominga violent nation of violent people, the Louisville Courier-Journal moaned. [1], The disturbances had a longer-lasting effect. America was certainly no stranger to political violence, but 1968 appeared to bring the bloodletting to new heights. Police made 472 arrests related to the riots. Indeed, as 68 brought shockwave after shockwaveassassinations, urban riots and ugly news from the Vietnam War fronta fierce national debate buzzed: Was the United States a society far more prone to violence than all other industrialized nations? The stop was made in an African American neighborhood. The highways of Cincinnati. March 3. The result: a further fracturing of liberalism, arguably the nations most powerful political creed since the New Deal. Race is still a major issue in current day society, but the separation, turmoil, and anger associated with race issues seem to have diminished greatly over time. Maybe it was the spewing of racist ideas and committing of racist acts, even though civil rights and voting rights had passed into law. On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland . Grant County herald. events of May 1968, student revolt that began in a suburb of Paris and was soon joined by a general strike eventually involving some 10 million workers. Police made 472 arrests related to the riots. Do you find this information helpful? The police, including a captain who was hit in the face by a bottle, retreated, leaving behind a patrol car, which was turned over and burned. Estdio. . As in previous riots, most of the damage was done in black neighborhoods. President Lyndon B. Johnson called in the National Guard to the city on April 5, 1968, to assist the police department in quelling the unrest. Aubespin was in the middle of the violent chaos, and so was Ken Clay, who owned a record and bookstore called the Jazz Corner at 28thand Greenwood. Reinforcements numbering 2,500 riot-trained soldiers - a brigade of the 82d Airborne Division from Ft. Bragg, N.C. _ were airlifted to nearby Andrews Air Force . April 23, 2011 in 1960s-1970s. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. [ii] Luther Adams. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. Patrolmen Clifford ordered Reid and others to get back; he was poking Reid in the chest with his finger. 2:32. This turmoil was apparent all throughout the nation as racial tensions rose to a volatile level. The Fair Housing Act may have still been enacted but not in the manner that it was done after Dr. King was assassinated. On May 27, 1968, a rally took place at 28th and Greenwood to protest the arrest of Charles Thomas and Manfred G. Reid. Riots and protests broke out in west Louisville in 1968 after the traffic stop of a Black school teacher, Charles Thomas, turned violent, leading to an officer's suspension, firing, and reinstatement. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced, by the threat of racial violence, out of Parkland and surrounding areas. 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky, USA) 1968 - Glenville Shootout , Cleveland, OH 1968 - 1968 Democratic National Convention riot, Aug. 1968, ( Chicago , Illinois , USA ) A daytime rally for social justice near the intersection turned chaotic. But back in '68 his dad's business, Tony . By Charles Fentress / Courier-Journal May 26, 1967, A dry cleaning business is looted during a night of rioting in Parkhill neighborhood. After bottles were thrown by the crowd, the crowd became unruly and police were called. 1920 The Montreal Canadiens set an NHL record for most goals in a game with a 16-3 rout of the Quebec Bulldogs. The King assassination riots had added to the already numerous riots that occurred in the 1960s such as theWatts riotof Los Angeles,Californiain 1965. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. See also "PHOTOS: The 1968 Louisville Riots" at the WHAS11 website. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. They differed, though, over the ailments causes. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. This is a chronological list of riots: 121 BC - Roman Election Riot of 121 BC (Rome, Roman Republic) 113 BC - Roman Election Riot of 113 BC (Rome, Roman Republic) 40 - Riots erupted in Alexandria (Roman Egypt) between Jews and Greeks. [iii] These groups may have been more prone to take the events in their community to a degree total rebellion. The assault . St Louis Sporting News (Newspaper) - June 22, 1968, St Louis, MissouriMontreal episode in your june i Issue was a letter from Tom Nesmith jr., of Kingston ont., citing Montreal a advantages As a major league site and closing with the statement that. Black Power played a vital role in community organizing and in displays of black national and cultural pride. Those two summers were marked . ", MORE FROM WAVE3.COM+50th Anniversary of Louisville Riots of 1968+Two-minute horse race took years to sort out 1968 winner+City honors life, legacy of Rev. Race is still a major issue in current day society, but the separation, turmoil, and anger associated with race issues seem to have diminished greatly over time. Police violently expelled student protesters from buildings on Columbia University Morningside Heights campus, dealing a blow to the idea of college campuses as havens for American dissent. [i] Violence Flares Up In Louisville Again; Arrests Reach 350. The news of his assassination led to an outpouring of different emotions from blacks around the United States. The skirmish escalated, growing into a full-fledged riot in the West End, lasting for almost a week. The police officers involved in this event chose to take on unnecessary actions that resulted in numerous days of unrest, instability, and danger for the West End Community. And while the abuses of urban police departments remain rampant 50 years on, the Black Lives Matter movement, combined with increasing media scrutiny of police violence against African-Americans, serve as reminders that efforts to reform police practices and the criminal-justice system remain central to the political conversation. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4. Race Riots of 1968. Kentucky is not often mentioned as a place of great racial disputes, but in 1968 Louisville Kentucky gained national attention as the site of a major racial riot. And in a prelude to his later famed silent majority speech, he hailed the quiet voiceof the great majority of Americans, the forgotten Americansthe non-shouters; the non-demonstrators. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced, by the threat of racial violence, out of Parkland and surrounding areas. That's where the trouble began. Oral history interview with Ruth Bryant (University of Louisville Archives and Records Center, 1970), . From colonial times to today, educators . In April 1968 after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, rioting broke out in cities across the country from frustration and despair. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, August 15, 1857, Image 1, brought to you by Wisconsin Historical Society, and the National Digital Newspaper Program. Fourteen-year-old James Groves was shot dead by Louisville police, and 19-year-old Mathias Browder fired upon by a business owner for an alleged act of looting at a liquor store. After bottles were thrown by the crowd, the crowd became unruly and police were called. PHOTOS: The 1968 Louisville Riots. he said. The attempts of the militant BULK lead group were met with the same hostility on the opposing white side. During the riot 2 boys were killed and 472 people were arrested. A crowd began to gather, and Patrolmen Michael A. Clifford and Ralph J. Zehnder arrived as backup. War. And if it was, what made it so? Over the 1968 year the West End Community of Louisville Kentucky went through a great deal of active resistance to the suppression of the black community. Riots. Matthew Dallek is associate professor at George Washington Universitys Graduate School of Political Management and author, most recently, of Defenseless Under the Night: The Roosevelt Years and the Origins of Homeland Security. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. The unrest in the nations capital led to over 1,000 buildings being burned and $27 million in damages. However, rumors (which turned out to be untrue) were spread that Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee speaker Stokely Carmichael's plane to Louisville was being intentionally delayed by whites. The Continental Army, smaller militias, and France's entry into the war on the colonists' behalf led to victory over the British. "We had a great day.". One of the largest crises in Ohio prison history began on April 11, 1993, when 450 prisoners rioted at the maximum security Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville. The emphasis on non-violent strategies used during the Civil Rights Movement distracts from the anger and frustration of many of the black citizens of the time. She worked on the Mayors Advising Committee, West End Community Council, and a womans group in Southwick. The reason for the eruption of violence is the feeling of loss African Americans . "There was some banging on the side of his car," Owenrecalled. Reid's arrest, combined with Dr. Martin Luther King's Jr.'s assassination weeks earlier -- and the reality of other cities going up in flames -- all contributed to a highly charged, volatile environment. And while recent investments remain relatively contained to a few blocks, community members say they hope the efforts will spread across the impoverished neighborhood, filling in vacant homes and reducing violent crime. Earlier that month, on May 8, Patrolmen James B. Minton and Edward J. Wegenast had stopped Thomas, a schoolteacher, because he was driving a car that was similar to one used in a burglary. Elizabeth Flock, Martin Luther King Assassination in 1968 a Cruel and Wanton Act, The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/martin-luther-king-assassination-in-1968-a-cruel-and-wanton-act/2012/04/04/gIQA2woVvS_story.html; James Coates, Riots Follow Killing of Martin Luther King Jr, Chicagotribune.com, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/chi-chicagodays-kingriots-story-story.html; Project Gutenberg, King Assassination Riots. Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing, http://www.self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/King_assassination_riots?View=embedded.
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