Since only about 91% of the guinea coin is made of pure gold, that means the gold content is about 7.55 grams. Required fields are marked *. 0.0993076 GBP. Dear Cecil: As a devoted reader of Sherlock Holmes Ive noticed that there must be some difference between guineas and pounds, but Ive never really been able to figure out what it is. Used as a comparison measure, average earnings maintains in the later year the ratio of the specified amount to average earnings converts to dollars as $3.67 (.75 x $4.8665). 2 shillings and 6 pence is, Tanner this alternative name for the sixpence probably dates from the early 1800s and, The half crown was a denomination of British money, equivalent to, The 2 Shilling coin was more commonly known as a florin, and is generally regarded as the first pre-decimal coin to be issued in the mid-nineteenth century. guineas were seen as symbolising high-class "specialness" or snooty The guinea is a coin that held a face value of One pound and One shilling (1.05p in decimal currency) but, at different times in history, was worth more or even less. 1 guinea could be written as '1g' or '1gn'.. A guinea was considered a more gentlemanly amount than 1. How Much Was A Guinea Worth In The 18Th Century? All you need is the PBH The guinea was so called because it was originally made from African gold. A guinea was worth 1,1s (one pound and one shilling). finance in the Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University; 1 Based on inflation alone, one 937 pound is worth about 69 today. Therefore ceased to be used as such as they became collectors items, for the gold presumably. calculator covers the years 1830 to 1999, thus including the entire period of concertina history. He produces a It is a coin that is 1 inch in diameter, made of 22-carat gold, and weighs about 8.3 to 8.5 grams. The coin is made of 22-carat gold with a weight between 8.3 to 8.5 grams, making its worth dependent on the price of gold at the moment sale. ( The extra 2 is taken by the auctioneer as his commission. A quid equals 100 pence, and is believed to come from the Latin phrase quid pro quo, which translates into something for something., One pound was divided into 20 shillings. The symbols 's' for shilling and 'd' for pence derive from the Latin solidus and denarius used in the Middle Ages. 10.5.6 would denote ten pounds, five shillings, and sixpence. How Much is a Guinea Worth? | BullionByPost ) It just remains to convert to. Your email address will not be published. He has also managed the computer science research It was based on the troy system of weighing precious metals. The '' sign developed from the 'l' for libra. ] The guinea was worth, Latest Currency Exchange Rates: 1 Guinea Franc =, Quid is a slang expression for the British pound sterling, or the British pound (GBP), which is the currency of the United Kingdom (U.K.). 4.5 million fentanyl pills, 3,000 pounds of methamphetamine seized in Perspective of Wages and Prices (1981) contains two related indices drawn business unit of a personal computer software company. ] The guinea was worth one pound plus one shilling, or 21 shillings, or 252 pence. Other features include four sceptres, four interlinked Cs and the inscription: MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX, which means, Of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King.. Thus 10.5.6 would denote ten pounds, five shillings, and sixpence. http://www.concertina.com an interactive spreadsheet on the web that allows you to plug in the source year three pence, six pence, shilling (12 pence), florin (24 pence), half-crown (30 pence), crown (5 shillings, or 60 pence), instrument was made 05 January 1912, a model No. A guinea is an old British unit of money that was worth xa31.05. How much is 100 guineas worth in pounds? 25 guineas would then be the equivalent of 25 pounds and 25 shillings, or, [Mr Fisher, October 14, 1914. a pound) u2014 until its value was fixed at twenty-one shillings by a Royal Proclamation in 1717 the value fluctuated rather , The guinea was used in a similar way in Australia until that country converted to decimal currency in 1966, after which it became worth A$2.10. 2005 Randall C. Merris and Robert Gaskins. All you have to do is fill out the form below and attach a clear image of both sides of the coin. What Were the U.K. Earnings Rate and Consumer Price Index Then?, Therefore, a guinea was approximately $5.25. Today, bids in guinea are still being practised. It was bob irrespective of how many shillings there were: no-one ever said fifteen bobs this would have been said as fifteen bob. 3. The shilling was subdivided into twelve (12) pennies. How much is a Guinea coin worth in US currency? - Quora ", Five shilling piece or crown was sometimes called a dollar, sixpence (silver) - often called a 'tanner'. If this number holds, u00a3100 today will be identical in purchasing capacity to u00a3102. Because a guinea was close to a pound, putting prices in guineas made the price seem less. Therefore 100 guineas = 100 pounds. This article is It is a coin that is 1 inch in diameter, made of 22-carat gold, and weighs about 8.3 to 8.5 grams. What is a thousand guinea? The coin was struck from gold and it was the first to be pressed in gold in Britain. The system went to a decimal basisa pound became one hundred pence, and shillings, thruppence, tuppence, and hapennies went out the proverbial window. The coin was first issued in 1663, when the crown authorized the Royal Mint to manufacture 20-shilling gold pieces "in the name and for the use of the Company of Royal Adventurers trading with Africa." : A Historical Price Index for What is 2 shillings and 6 pence in todays money? an old British unit of money that was worth 1.05 "It cost me four bob. in 2000 expressed in modern pounds were 600 times as large as workers' average earnings in 1830 expressed in 1830 pounds. 25 guineas would then be the equivalent of 25 pounds and 25 shillings, or 26 pounds 5 shillings. difference between 5-odd and 15-odd doesn't sound like all that much. The term is still used in certain circles such as horse racing to describe values equivalent to one pound and one shilling, or 1.05 in modern currency. Coins and units of money. The CCPI at the beginning of 2023 A sovereign was a gold coin worth one pound and a paper note of the same value was called a "quid." A guinea is 1 1s. The sixpence (6d; /skspns/), sometimes known as a tanner or sixpenny bit, is a coin that was worth, However, since British currency was decimalised on 15, How much is $35.00 the thirty-five australian dollars is equals $31.81 (CAD) or . (EH.net), February 2004 Coin During the same period average real earnings increased more than 10 times. linguistics, and is co-author of a textbook on computer programming for students of While this is the worth of the guinea coin based on its gold content, its true price can go higher if you sell it to a collector. Guineas are (were) not Pounds. The last minted guinea coin occurred in 1813, but it was still in use until 1971 as a legal tender, when the decimalisation occurred. Manuel, Wilmslow, Cheshire, "Bob" is slang for shilling (which is 5p in todays money), 1 (one pound) equalled 20 shillings (20s or 20/-). After the Norman Conquest in 1066, the pound was divided into twenty shillings or 240 pennies. This system works equally well in former years. Based on inflation alone, one 937 pound is worth about 69 today. A Guinea of course can be worth far more that just its metal value. . Latest Currency Exchange Rates: 1 Guinea Franc = 0.0001 Canadian Dollar. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Crowns were minted a few times after decimalisation of the British currency in 1971, initially with a nominal value of 25 pence. What Would 1 Dollar In 1914 Be Worth Today? A quid equals 100 pence, and is, What is 2 shillings and 6 pence in todays money? The guinea was so called because it was originally made from African gold. 4 8s. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? 64 more than 108 years. With a value of, The Bank of England 10s note, colloquially known as the 10 bob note or just the 10 bob was a banknote of the pound sterling. snobbery! So even at the current higher prices, this professional-quality instrument is selling at about one-third I was given 4 gold guinea coins when I was 13." This is the same as, Since British currency was decimalised on 15th February 1971, the Guinea has no longer been accepted as legal tender. was 11.96 x 296.797 = 3550 (with a slight error from rounding). The race was first run in 1814. A sovereign was a gold coin worth one pound and a paper or supplier in the Wheatstone company. (People with jars of pennies laughed all the way to the bank.) How much is 1000 guineas in pound? - Letshealthify.com rate never deviated by more than a percentage point from par rate of Multiplying these changes together gives a factor of increase of more than 600; workers' average earnings One pound, or sovereign, commonly called a quid If I Had A Warning Label What Would It Say? In the example above, five pounds in 1950 is "worth" anywhere from $85 to $194 in 2000 U.S. dollars, depending on which price index is used and which year the conversion takes place. A "crown" was originally a gold coin issued during the reign of Henry VIII in 1544. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Some people, known as late as Queen Victoria's reign. The historical data series underlying this calculator are used by permission from One Thousand Guineas, also spelled 1,000 Guineas, one of the five English Classic horse races, run over a straight mile (1.6 km) on the Rowley Mile course at the Newmarket (Suffolk) spring meeting.The race was first run in 1814. www.mandybarrow.com. The dollar-to-pound exchange rate in 1941 was $4.03, so that works out to USD 126.94. 64 over the long haul, that implies that the genuine worth of a solitary u. Tanner this alternative name for the sixpence probably dates from the early 1800s and seems to have its root in the Romany gypsy tawno which means small one. In the Great Recoinage of 1816, the guinea was replaced by the pound as the major unit of currency, and in coinage by the sovereign. Douglas Jay enlarges on the recent years. In other words, if the final selling price of the item is 40 guinea coins, the seller receives 40, but in fact, the actual price is around 42. A crown equals This is the same as 1.05 in modern money. How Much Is A Guinea Worth Today? | BullionByPost J. McCusker, How Much is that in Real Money? into thinking that Saunders was a minor figure, and to take seriously that he may have been the reed-making expert currency was introduced on 15 February 1971, the shilling was reduced from 12 d. has studied and taught the use of computers for research in the humanities and for any given year with a simple ratio. Value of 1800 British pounds today | UK Inflation Calculator non-cash (in-kind) payments such as lodging and meals, bonuses, commissions, and piece-rate or performance payments, In Britain, what's the difference between a pound and a guinea? The name stuck to later coins of the same gold value, minted from different stock. The guinea coin was a legal tender and the major form of currency in Great Britain between 1663 to 1816, although it was still accepted as a legal tender until 1971. This is the same as 1.05 in modern money. A guinea was a pound and a shilling, or 21 shillings. A guinea was worth 1,1s (one pound and one shilling). You ever think of looking in the dictionary, Audrey? It remained a legal tender until 1971 and is no longer used today. The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence. Not pluralised for a number of pounds, eg., It cost me twenty nicker.. From the early 1900s, London slang, precise origin unknown. What Were the U.K. Earnings Rate and Consumer Price Index Then?, in 2000, and the year 2000 value in pounds sterling will be calculated and displayed. Send questions to Cecil via cecil@straightdope.com. How much would a guinea be worth today? A quid equals 100 pence, and is believed to come from the Latin phrase quid pro quo, which translates into something for something., 1,000 in 1920 is worth 42,486.17 in 2017. Diameter : 25.0 mm ; Weight : 5.7 grams, A shilling was often called a 'bob'. Pedigree breeding stock is generally sold in guineas and his website contains discussion of how the data series were equivalent of wage-rate of building craftsmen. Jay reproduces only the So when John Murray issued Emma Inflation Calculator | RBA - Reserve Bank Of Australia The coins always had the same amount of gold so changes in the price of precious. The calculator shows that he was being paid leaving an estate valued at a net value of 6,673; the calculator tells us that this is the equivalent of over What was a guinea worth in US dollars? Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? then look at Chris Algars on publication of 21s (a guinea or 1.05). This is the same . penny is .004166 To see A guinea was considered a more gentlemanly amount than 1. Namestnikov arrives in Winnipeg with a $1.25-million cap hit since Tampa Bay retained 50% of his salary earlier this week. Originally its value was set at 1 (20 shillings). A significant drop in the value of the pound with the outbreak of WWII led the British government to peg the value of the pound to the dollar. guineas. For example, in the The 1920 inflation rate was 15.53%. It didn't really matter if in was made up of shillings and pennies, or any other coins. A penny was often called a 'copper' after the metal it was minted from. A paper pound often was called a quid. The guineas of this reign weighed 8.5 g (0.30 oz), were 25-26 mm (0.98-1.02 in) in diameter, and were the work of James and Norbert Roettiers. For The British pound has lost 99.565% of its value since 1780. signifies four pounds, eight shillings. A guinea was a pound and a shilling, or 21 shillings. A guinea was worth 1,1s (one pound and one shilling). # of years). It's the sixth trade of the 30-year-old center's career. A guinea was worth 1,1s (one pound and one shilling). Professor Officer has assembled substantially more data than is reflected here, //--> penny; obviously the conversion can't be nearly that accurate, so its generally appropriate to round off the result and to To use the calculator above, in quality levels among the models could be really extremely large. how much was 30 guineas worth in 1914? payments for 17 January 1846, there is an entry for Charles Burgess for a months wages due the 10th, The average annual inflation rate between these periods has been 5.2%. . Prices in sterling have not changed a great deal A Guinea was worth 1/1 shilling (one pound and 1 shilling, or 1.05 p in decimal). Based on inflation alone, one 937 pound is worth about 69 today. 25 guineas was worth 25 x 1/1s = 26/5 s Golden guineas were minted between 1663 - 1823, but remained in circulation for some time after they had ceased to be minted. 25 guineas would then be the equivalent of 25 pounds and 25 shillings, or 26 pounds 5 shillings. The guinea had an aristocratic undertone, as most luxury goods at the time were invoiced the coin as a basis for the costs. [Mr Fisher, October 14, 1914. Here is where McCusker comes in. A pound sterling thus weighed 240 pennyweights, or a pound of sterling silver. 7736 = $4.35 the value of an English pound in 1850. It was proclaimed as a legal currency on March 27, 1663. would be 611.34 in the year 2000. //--> They were produced in all years between 1689 and 1694 both with and without the elephant and castle; in 1692 and 1693 the mark of the elephant alone was also used. landmark work of Sir Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins whose. It became a silver coin in 1551under his son Edward VI. "I was born in 1943. The money used in our village was:-, = penny (for 'denarius', a Roman silver coin). How Much Is A Guinea Worth In Todays Money? What is the reflection of the story of princess urduja? currency was introduced on 15 February 1971, the shilling was reduced from 12, To see The extra 6 pence were finally lopped off in December 1717, fixing the coin at its traditional value of 21 shillings. A Method 2004 by EH.NET. What Were the U.K. Earnings Rate and Consumer Price Index Then?, Calculator: How Much Would That Be in New Money?, Calculate Modern Values of Historic Concertina Prices. pound which had always equaled 240 d. now represented 100 p. (1) the change in the value of the currency, 25 guineas would then be the equivalent of 25 pounds and 25 shillings, or 26 pounds 5 shillings. 1,000 in 1900 is equivalent in purchasing power to about 116,836.96 in 2017, an increase of 115,836.96 over 117 years. Results are displayed in new money, down to the (decimal) Wheatstone pricelist dated slightly earlier (c. 1910), to see in US dollars, click here. Possibly connected to the use of nickel in the minting of coins, and to the American slang use of nickel to mean a $5 dollar note, which at the late 1800s was valued not far from a pound. This means that 100 pounds in 1966 are equivalent to 1,793.99 pounds in 2023. This is the same as 1.05 in modern money. Upload a picture of your coin and our team of experts will evaluate the coins condition, rarity, and historical value to give you an accurate market price estimate. Nowadays, if the term is used at all, its used in come-on advertising, "only one guinea" being the British equivalent of our "only $9.98." A pound was worth twenty shillings and each shilling was worth a dozen pennies. If you look fast, it looks cheap. The calculator covers the years 1830 to 1999, thus including the entire period of concertina history. modern-day equivalent of the cost of Jane Austen's Emma (1816), we start with its price Based on inflation alone, one 937 pound is worth about 69 today. Containing about a quarter-ounce of gold, a guinea was equal in value to 4 and 2/3 Spanish milled dollars in late 18th century America. One index was of a composite unit of consumables and the other of begin by entering the year of the value you want to translate. section of an international telecommunications R&D laboratory, invented a graphics 1 guinea could be written as '1g' or '1gn'. plus changes in employment levels in different occupations. Half a crown (2 shillings and sixpence) - 12p. 100). A pound comprised twenty Shillings, commonly called bob, which was a lovely old slang word. The pound had an average inflation rate of 3.93% per year between 1920 and 2018, producing a cumulative price increase of 4,263.33%. A guinea was worth 1,1s (one pound and one shilling). For example, you may want to know: How much money would you need in the year 2000, to have the same "purchasing power" as 1 5s 3d in the year 1900. The pound had a typical expansion pace of 4. Have feedback on this article? The penny was literally one pennyweight of silver. modern dollars. In a decade or two, it will be easy to again translate from Measuring Worth - pounds to dollars or dollars to pounds saying the same thing in another way, if a concertina originally sold for 15% of workers' average annual earnings, the calculator will have dated c. 1915, so that price in 1912 is well-attested.) there are prices paid of 15 guineas (a "guinea" is one pound one shilling), 10 guineas, and 5 guineas. One duet instrument, Wheatstone serial number 25457, was recently sold by a dealer for 1,500. Amounts less than a pound were also written as: An amount such as 12/6 would be pronounced 'twelve and six' as a more casual form of 'twelve shillings and sixpence'. For example, to find the How much does it cost to put caps on cats nails? 1 guinea could be written as 1g or 1gn. The coin was made with a 1-inch diameter, with an average gold purity of 0.91. reprinted from Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society (101:2 Jay, Sterling: Its Use and Misuse, a Plea for Moderation (London: Inflation in 1917 and its effect on pound value 1 in 1916 is equivalent in purchasing power to about 1.25 in 1917. What was a guinea worth in 1920? - Sage-Advices Economic History Review, 2nd ser. , a half-sovereign (ten shillings or 10 bob), a half-guinea (10/6d) (10 shillings and 6 pence), 10,000 Guinea Francs = 1.4512 Canadian Dollars as of 5/18/2022, 1,000,000 Guinea Francs = 145.12 Canadian Dollars as of 5/18/2022. The John Hill Maccann, in recalling great concertinists of the previous generation, mentions that former. He divides his time between San Francisco The lemonade is sometimes substituted with soda water or lemon squash. In the 1930s, the exchange rate was about 5 U.S. dollars to one pound Sterling. B.Sc 1st Sem Electrical Appliances Questions, BA 1st Sem Economics Questions and Answers. Before decimalization on 15 February 1971, there were twenty (20) shillings per pound. Woodlands Junior Homework Help new website. This measure is a good choice to obtain relative value for income or wealth, and for fairly expensive [ Back to text ]. Now, the There were 12 pennies (D for Denarii) in a Shilling (Solidus) and 20 Shillings in a Pound (Librae). The history of concertinas covers more than 170 years, during which long period A crown is five shillings (5/-). present.1 For different $30 in 1914 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $867.33 today, an increase of $837.33 over 108 years. The guinea had an aristocratic overtone, so professional fees, and prices of land, horses, art, bespoke tailoring, furniture, white goods and other luxury items were often quoted in guineas until a couple of years after decimalisation in 1971. The pound had an average inflation rate of 2.09% per year between 1800 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 9,799.46%. The sixpence (6d; /skspns/), sometimes known as a tanner or sixpenny bit, is a coin that was worth six pence, equivalent to one-fortieth of a pound sterling, or half of a shilling. More than a Shilling (s. or /- )Other coins of a value less than 1/- were1/- (shilling) x3da sixpence (silver) often called a tanner2 x 6d x3d 1/-4 more rows, It was the first English machine-struck gold coin, originally worth one pound sterling, equal to twenty shillings; but rises in the price of gold relative to silver caused the value of the guinea to increase, at times to as high as thirty shillings; from 1717 until 1816, its value was officially fixed at twenty-one , Although the coin is commonly known as the x26quot;Five guineax26quot; piece, during the 17th and 18th centuries it was also known as a Five-pound piece, as the guinea was originally worth twenty shillings (i.e. comparison is to relate prices to "average earnings" (technically "average nominal earnings"). The calculator shows this: enter the year 1830 and the amount 1, and the calculator tells you that the equivalent amount for the performance of two Fantasias on the Concertina, at the Birmingham Musical Festival. If we plug the year One penny was divided into two halfpennies, or four farthings. Guinea (coin) - Wikipedia Because a guinea was close to a pound, putting prices in guineas made the price seem less. during which the Phelps Brown-Hopkins consumables index averages 965. As with other sd currencies, it was subdivided into 20 shillings (symbol s), each of 12 pence (symbol d). (Table A-2). were smaller coins than pennies: there were half-pennies, farthings (one-quarter penny), and even half-farthings, all It was bob irrespective of how many shillings there were: no-one ever said fifteen bobs this would have been said as fifteen bob. What does DO NOT HUMP mean on the side of railroad cars? The Pound symbol is still to this day an "L". Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985), esp. expressed in terms of a century and a half ago. The inflation rate in the United Kingdom between 1966 and today has been 1,698.3%, which translates into a total increase of 1,698.3. Word forms: guineas A guinea is an old British unit of money that was worth 1.05. a half guinea equals 10/6 d. When decimal When the equations are combined 1344, so the equivalent price in the 1890s would be. To use the calculator above, begin by entering the year of the value you want to translate. Copyright 2023 Science Topics Powered by Science Topics. While the elephant disappeared later, the name u201cguineau201d remained with the coin for the rest of its production. Randall C. Merris Economic History Services A guinea is an old British unit of money that was worth xa31.05. Convert Guinea Francs (GNF) to Canadian Dollars (CAD), A guinea was worth 1,1s (one pound and one shilling). The guinea was used in a similar way in Australia until that country converted to decimal currency in 1966, after which it became worth A$2.10. You paid tradesmen, such as a carpenter, in pounds but gentlemen, such as an artist, in guineas. All this changed on 15 February 1971 when the pound Based on inflation alone, one 937 pound is worth about 69 today. The greatest stability What Was 30 Worth In 1914? During colonial times the value of an item was often expressed in crowns. A significant drop in the value of the pound with the outbreak of WWII led the British government to peg the value of the pound to the dollar. translate prices and wages from 1830 and later to a uniform comparison level of year 2000 values. product. You may not redistribute, sell or place the content of this page on any other website or blog without written permission from the Mandy Barrow. Therefore, we can resolve the formula like this: 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |, n: Number of times the interest is compounded (i.e. This means that 100 pounds in 1966 are equivalent to 1,798.3 pounds in 2023. A guinea was a pound and a shilling, or 21 shillings. The example shown below depicts a Guinea design with a crowned Royal Shield design. Why do some people have that one extra-long fingernail on the pinkie finger. NHL trade deadline: Breaking down Friday's deals | theScore.com 56% each year among 1914 and today, creating a combined cost increment of 12,194. One pound. Then click on the button that says Compute the value Measuring Worth - Purchasing Power of Pound The Guinea Coin was called such because the gold used in the coin was mined in the Guinea region of Africa. If you enter a date between 1830 and 1970, you will then have an opportunity to enter "old money" in pounds, shillings, and pence; if you enter a . can you lend me ten bob please? accuracy of the underlying data are our responsibility. The ten-shilling note was the smallest denomination note ever issued by the Bank of England. Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States, Each coin weighs about 8.3 to 8.5 grams, which is equivalent to about one-quarter of an ounce of gold. A guinea is Thus A Guinea is a 22 carat gold coin that weighs 8.3g and, as is the case with other gold bullion coins, its value is calculated by multiplying its gold content by the current gold spot price. A guineas worth today depends on the price of gold at the moment one sells it. Comparing to average earnings takes into account two different changes over the time period: averaged over all workers from the lowest-earning casual laborers and servants up to the highest-earning doctors and barristers. Get your evaluation quick! For concertinas, we have decided that the most meaningful 30 guineas is 30x1.05=31.50 GBP Based on an exchange rate of 1 GBP = 1.21 USD 31.50 x 1.21 = 38.115 so around 38 dollars 7 Brent Cooper Trial and appellate counsel for Cooper & Scully (1993-present) Author has 9.1K answers and 484.1M answer views Oct 19 Related
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